1. Roth E. Nonnutritive effects of glutamine. J Nutr. oktober 2008;138(10):2025S-2031S.
2. Cruzat V, Macedo Rogero M, Noel Keane K, Curi R, Newsholme P. Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation. Nutrients [Internet]. 23 oktober 2018 [geciteerd 28 april 2020];10(11). Beschikbaar op: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266414/
3. Sacks GS. Glutamine supplementation in catabolic patients. Ann Pharmacother. maart 1999;33(3):348–54.
4. Miller AL. Therapeutic Considerations of L-Glutamine: A Review of the Literature. Altern Med Rev. 1999;4(4):10.
5. Amores-Sánchez MI, Medina MÁ. Glutamine, as a Precursor of Glutathione, and Oxidative Stress. Mol Genet Metab. juni 1999;67(2):100–5.
6. Wu G. Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino Acids. mei 2009;37(1):1–17.
7. Bak LK, Schousboe A, Waagepetersen HS. The glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle: aspects of transport, neurotransmitter homeostasis and ammonia transfer. J Neurochem. augustus 2006;98(3):641–53.
8. Zhou T, Yang Y, Chen Q, Xie L. Glutamine Metabolism Is Essential for Stemness of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Bone Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int [Internet]. 12 september 2019 [geciteerd 15 juni 2021];2019. Beschikbaar op: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6757285/
9. Mills EL, Kelly B, O’Neill LAJ. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of immunity. Nat Immunol. mei 2017;18(5):488–98.
10. Curi R, Newsholme P, Marzuca-Nassr G, Takahashi H, Hirabara S, Cruzat V, e.a. Regulatory principles in metabolism -Then and now. Biochem J. 29 juni 2016;473:1845–57.
11. Ardawi MS, Newsholme EA. Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes of the rat. Biochem J. 15 juni 1983;212(3):835–42.
12. Newsholme P. Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection? J Nutr. september 2001;131(9 Suppl):2515S-22S; discussion 2523S-4S.
13. Crawford J, Cohen HJ. The essential role of L-glutamine in lymphocyte differentiation in vitro. J Cell Physiol. augustus 1985;124(2):275–82.
14. Hesterberg RS, Cleveland JL, Epling-Burnette PK. Role of Polyamines in Immune Cell Functions. Med Sci [Internet]. 8 maart 2018 [geciteerd 3 juni 2021];6(1). Beschikbaar op: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872179/
15. Rogeri PS, Costa Rosa LFBP. Plasma glutamine concentration in spinal cord injured patients. Life Sci. 23 september 2005;77(19):2351–60.
16. Lin M-T, Kung S-P, Yeh S-L, Liaw K-Y, Wang M-Y, Kuo M-L, e.a. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition attenuates plasma interleukin-6 in surgical patients with lower disease severity. World J Gastroenterol. 21 oktober 2005;11(39):6197–201.
17. Aosasa S, Mochizuki H, Yamamoto T, Ono S, Ichikura T. A clinical study of the effectiveness of oral glutamine supplementation during total parenteral nutrition: influence on mesenteric mononuclear cells. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. oktober 1999;23(5 Suppl):S41-44.
18. Chen G, Xie W, Jiang H. [Clinical observation of the protective effect of oral feeding of glutamine granules on intestinal mucous membrane]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi Zhonghua Shaoshang Zazhi Chin J Burns. augustus 2001;17(4):210–1.
19. Wu G. Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism. J Nutr. augustus 1998;128(8):1249–52.
20. Newsholme EA, Carrié AL. Quantitative aspects of glucose and glutamine metabolism by intestinal cells. Gut. januari 1994;35(1 Suppl):S13–7.
21. Ashy AA, Salleh M, Ardawi M. Glucose, glutamine, and ketone-body metabolism in human enterocytes. Metabolism. juni 1988;37(6):602–9.
22. Wang B, Wu G, Zhou Z, Dai Z, Sun Y, Ji Y, e.a. Glutamine and intestinal barrier function. Amino Acids. oktober 2015;47(10):2143–54.
23. Ramachandran A, Madesh M, Balasubramanian KA. Apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium: its relevance in normal and pathophysiological conditions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. februari 2000;15(2):109–20.
24. Matés JM, Pérez-Gómez C, Núñez de Castro I, Asenjo M, Márquez J. Glutamine and its relationship with intracellular redox status, oxidative stress and cell proliferation/death. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. mei 2002;34(5):439–58.
25. Radtke F, Clevers H. Self-renewal and cancer of the gut: two sides of a coin. Science. 25 maart 2005;307(5717):1904–9.
26. Yi D, Hou Y, Wang L, Ouyang W, Long M, Zhao D, e.a. L-Glutamine enhances enterocyte growth via activation of the mTOR signaling pathway independently of AMPK. Amino Acids. januari 2015;47(1):65–78.
27. Saxton RA, Sabatini DM. mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease. Cell. 9 maart 2017;168(6):960–76.
28. Noth R, Häsler R, Stüber E, Ellrichmann M, Schäfer H, Geismann C, e.a. Oral glutamine supplementation improves intestinal permeability dysfunction in a murine acute graft-vs.-host disease model. Am J Physiol-Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 1 april 2013;304(7):G646–54.
29. Kim M-H, Kim H. The Roles of Glutamine in the Intestine and Its Implication in Intestinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 12 mei 2017;18(5).
30. Rao R, Samak G. Role of Glutamine in Protection of Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junctions. J Epithel Biol Pharmacol. januari 2012;5(Suppl 1-M7):47–54.
31. Veldhoen M, Brucklacher-Waldert V. Dietary influences on intestinal immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. oktober 2012;12(10):696–708.
32. Ruth MR, Field CJ. The immune modifying effects of amino acids on gut-associated lymphoid tissue. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 30 juli 2013;4(1):27.
33. Alverdy JC. Effects of glutamine-supplemented diets on immunology of the gut. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. augustus 1990;14(4 Suppl):109S-113S.
34. Wu M, Xiao H, Liu G, Chen S, Tan B, Ren W, e.a. Glutamine promotes intestinal SIgA secretion through intestinal microbiota and IL-13. Mol Nutr Food Res. juli 2016;60(7):1637–48.
35. Kim H. Glutamine as an Immunonutrient. Yonsei Med J. 1 november 2011;52(6):892–7.
36. Rhoads J, Wu G. Glutamine, arginine, and leucine signaling in the intestine. Amino Acids. 1 februari 2009;37:111–22.
37. Coëffier M, Marion R, Ducrotté P, Déchelotte P. Modulating effect of glutamine on IL-1beta-induced cytokine production by human gut. Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl. augustus 2003;22(4):407–13.
38. Lawrence T. The Nuclear Factor NF-?B Pathway in Inflammation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. december 2009;1(6):a001651.
39. Coleman JW. Nitric oxide in immunity and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol. augustus 2001;1(8):1397–406.
40. Swierkosz TA, Mitchell JA, Sessa WC, Hecker M, Vane JR. L-glutamine inhibits the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor from the rabbit aorta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 15 oktober 1990;172(1):143–8.
41. Ignarro LJ, Buga GM, Wood KS, Byrns RE, Chaudhuri G. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. december 1987;84(24):9265–9.
42. Nurjhan N, Bucci A, Perriello G, Stumvoll M, Dailey G, Bier DM, e.a. Glutamine: a major gluconeogenic precursor and vehicle for interorgan carbon transport in man. J Clin Invest. januari 1995;95(1):272–7.
43. Perriello G, Nurjhan N, Stumvoll M, Bucci A, Welle S, Dailey G, e.a. Regulation of gluconeogenesis by glutamine in normal postabsorptive humans. Am J Physiol. maart 1997;272(3 Pt 1):E437-445.
44. Bakalar B, Duska F, Pachl J, Fric M, Otahal M, Pazout J, e.a. Parenterally administered dipeptide alanyl-glutamine prevents worsening of insulin sensitivity in multiple-trauma patients. Crit Care Med. februari 2006;34(2):381–6.
45. Reimann F, Williams L, da Silva Xavier G, Rutter GA, Gribble FM. Glutamine potently stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from GLUTag cells. Diabetologia. september 2004;47(9):1592–601.
46. Gromada J, Holst JJ, Rorsman P. Cellular regulation of islet hormone secretion by the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1. Pflugers Arch. april 1998;435(5):583–94.
47. Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev. oktober 2007;87(4):1409–39.
48. Leite JSM, Cruzat VF, Krause M, Homem de Bittencourt PI. Physiological regulation of the heat shock response by glutamine: implications for chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases in age-related conditions. Nutrire. 3 november 2016;41(1):17.
49. Hooper PL, Balogh G, Rivas E, Kavanagh K, Vigh L. The importance of the cellular stress response in the pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Cell Stress Chaperones. juli 2014;19(4):447–64.
50. Ziegler TR, Ogden LG, Singleton KD, Luo M, Fernandez-Estivariz C, Griffith DP, e.a. Parenteral glutamine increases serum heat shock protein 70 in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. augustus 2005;31(8):1079–86.
51. Manganese [Internet]. Linus Pauling Institute. 2014 [geciteerd 9 juni 2021]. Beschikbaar op: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/manganese
52. Huang Y, Su L, Wu J. Pyridoxine Supplementation Improves the Activity of Recombinant Glutamate Decarboxylase and the Enzymatic Production of Gama-Aminobutyric Acid. PloS One. 2016;11(7):e0157466.
53. Nissim I. Newer aspects of glutamine/glutamate metabolism: the role of acute pH changes. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol. 1 oktober 1999;277(4):F493–7.
54. Dejong CH, Deutz NE, Soeters PB. Ammonia and glutamine metabolism during liver insufficiency: the role of kidney and brain in interorgan nitrogen exchange. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1996;218:61–77.
55. Curthoys NP, Watford M. Regulation of glutaminase activity and glutamine metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr. 1995;15:133–59.
56. Welbourne TC. Increased plasma bicarbonate and growth hormone after an oral glutamine load. Am J Clin Nutr. mei 1995;61(5):1058–61.
57. Dasarathy S, Mookerjee RP, Rackayova V, Rangroo Thrane V, Vairappan B, Ott P, e.a. Ammonia toxicity: from head to toe? Metab Brain Dis. april 2017;32(2):529–38.
58. Häussinger D, Schliess F. Glutamine metabolism and signaling in the liver. Front Biosci J Virtual Libr. 1 januari 2007;12:371–91.
59. Wagenmakers AJ. Muscle amino acid metabolism at rest and during exercise: role in human physiology and metabolism. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1998;26:287–314.
60. Wu G, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Knabe DA, Burghardt RC, Spencer TE, e.a. Triennial Growth Symposium: important roles for L-glutamine in swine nutrition and production. J Anim Sci. juli 2011;89(7):2017–30.
61. Wernerman J. Clinical Use of Glutamine Supplementation. J Nutr. 1 oktober 2008;138(10):2040S-2044S.
62. Newsholme EA, Parry-Billings M. Properties of Glutamine Release From Muscle and Its Importance for the Immune System. J Parenter Enter Nutr. 1990;14(4S):63S-67S.
63. Perna S, Alalwan TA, Alaali Z, Alnashaba T, Gasparri C, Infantino V, e.a. The Role of Glutamine in the Complex Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Health: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci. 22 oktober 2019;20(20):E5232.
64. Wu G, Knabe DA, Yan W, Flynn NE. Glutamine and glucose metabolism in enterocytes of the neonatal pig. Am J Physiol. februari 1995;268(2 Pt 2):R334-342.
65. Haisch M, Fukagawa NK, Matthews DE. Oxidation of glutamine by the splanchnic bed in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. april 2000;278(4):E593-602.
66. Ardawi MS. Glutamine metabolism in the lungs of glucocorticoid-treated rats. Clin Sci Lond Engl 1979. juli 1991;81(1):37–42.
67. Parry-Billings M, Dimitriadis GD, Leighton B, Bond J, Bevan SJ, Opara E, e.a. Effects of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on glutamine metabolism by skeletal muscle of the rat. Biochem J. 1 december 1990;272(2):319–22.
68. Parry-Billings M, Dimitriadis GD, Leighton B, Dunger DB, Newsholme EA. The effects of growth hormone administration in vivo on skeletal muscle glutamine metabolism of the rat. Horm Metab Res Horm Stoffwechselforschung Horm Metab. juni 1993;25(6):292–3.
69. Cruzat VF, Keane KN, Scheinpflug AL, Cordeiro R, Soares MJ, Newsholme P. Alanyl-glutamine improves pancreatic ß-cell function following ex vivo inflammatory challenge. J Endocrinol. maart 2015;224(3):261–71.
70. Natural Medicines - Professional - Glutamine [Internet]. [geciteerd 9 juni 2021]. Beschikbaar op: https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/databases/food,-herbs-supplements/professional.aspx?productid=878
71. Labow BI, Souba WW. Glutamine. World J Surg. december 2000;24(12):1503–13.
72. Lenders C, Liu S, Wilmore D, Sampson L, Dougherty L, Spiegelman D, e.a. Evaluation of a novel food composition database that includes glutamine and other amino acids derived from gene sequencing data. Eur J Clin Nutr. december 2009;63(12):1433–9.
73. Huang X-X, Wang X-P, Ma J-J, Jing D-D, Wang P-W, Wu K. [Effects of enteral nutrition supplemented with glutamine and arginine on gut barrier in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 9 september 2008;88(34):2407–9.
74. Pugh JN, Sage S, Hutson M, Doran DA, Fleming SC, Highton J, e.a. Glutamine supplementation reduces markers of intestinal permeability during running in the heat in a dose-dependent manner. Eur J Appl Physiol. december 2017;117(12):2569–77.
75. Peng X, Yan H, You Z, Wang P, Wang S. Effects of enteral supplementation with glutamine granules on intestinal mucosal barrier function in severe burned patients. Burns J Int Soc Burn Inj. maart 2004;30(2):135–9.
76. Song H-Y, Jiang C-H, Yang J-R, Chen Q-H, Huang J, Huang Y-H, e.a. [The change of intestinal mucosa barrier in chronic severe hepatitis B patients and clinical intervention]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi Zhonghua Ganzangbing Zazhi Chin J Hepatol. oktober 2009;17(10):754–8.
77. Arutla M, Raghunath M, Deepika G, Jakkampudi A, Murthy HVV, Rao GV, e.a. Efficacy of enteral glutamine supplementation in patients with severe andpredicted severe acute pancreatitis— Arandomized controlled trial. Indian J Gastroenterol. 1 augustus 2019;38(4):338–47.
78. Li Y, Yu Z, Liu F, Tan L, Wu B, Li J. Oral glutamine ameliorates chemotherapy-induced changes of intestinal permeability and does not interfere with the antitumor effect of chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer: a prospective randomized trial. Tumori. oktober 2006;92(5):396–401.
79. Lima NL, Soares AM, Mota RMS, Monteiro HSA, Guerrant RL, Lima AAM. Wasting and intestinal barrier function in children taking alanyl-glutamine-supplemented enteral formula. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. maart 2007;44(3):365–74.
80. Conejero R, Bonet A, Grau T, Esteban A, Mesejo A, Montejo JC, e.a. Effect of a glutamine-enriched enteral diet on intestinal permeability and infectious morbidity at 28 days in critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a randomized, single-blind, prospective, multicenter study. Nutr Burbank Los Angel Cty Calif. september 2002;18(9):716–21.
81. Velasco N, Hernandez G, Wainstein C, Castillo L, Maiz A, Lopez F, e.a. Influence of polymeric enteral nutrition supplemented with different doses of glutamine on gut permeability in critically ill patients. Nutr Burbank Los Angel Cty Calif. december 2001;17(11–12):907–11.
82. Chamorro S, de Blas C, Grant G, Badiola I, Menoyo D, Carabaño R. Effect of dietary supplementation with glutamine and a combination of glutamine-arginine on intestinal health in twenty-five-day-old weaned rabbits. J Anim Sci. januari 2010;88(1):170–80.
83. de Souza AZZ, Zambom AZ, Abboud KY, Reis SK, Tannihão F, Guadagnini D, e.a. Oral supplementation with L-glutamine alters gut microbiota of obese and overweight adults: A pilot study. Nutr Burbank Los Angel Cty Calif. juni 2015;31(6):884–9.
84. Ley R, Turnbaugh P, Klein S, Gordon J. Microbial Ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature. 1 januari 2007;444:1022–3.
85. Abboud KY, Reis SK, Martelli ME, Zordão OP, Tannihão F, de Souza AZZ, e.a. Oral Glutamine Supplementation Reduces Obesity, Pro-Inflammatory Markers, and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in DIO Wistar Rats and Reduces Waist Circumference in Overweight and Obese Humans. Nutrients. 1 maart 2019;11(3):536.
86. Manco M, Putignani L, Bottazzo GF. Gut microbiota, lipopolysaccharides, and innate immunity in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular risk. Endocr Rev. december 2010;31(6):817–44.
87. Zhou Q, Verne ML, Fields JZ, Lefante JJ, Basra S, Salameh H, e.a. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of dietary glutamine supplements for postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. juni 2019;68(6):996–1002.
88. Yalçin SS, Yurdakök K, Tezcan I, Oner L. Effect of glutamine supplementation on diarrhea, interleukin-8 and secretory immunoglobulin A in children with acute diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. mei 2004;38(5):494–501.
89. Gutiérrez C, Villa S, Mota FR, Calva JJ. Does an L-glutamine-containing, glucose-free, oral rehydration solution reduce stool output and time to rehydrate in children with acute diarrhoea? A double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Health Popul Nutr. september 2007;25(3):278–84.
90. Kamuchaki JM, Kiguli S, Wobudeya E, Bortolussi R. No benefit of glutamine supplementation on persistent diarrhea in Ugandan children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. mei 2013;32(5):573–6.
91. Sido B, Seel C, Hochlehnert A, Breitkreutz R, Dröge W. Low intestinal glutamine level and low glutaminase activity in Crohn’s disease: a rational for glutamine supplementation? Dig Dis Sci. december 2006;51(12):2170–9.
92. Benjamin J, Makharia G, Ahuja V, Anand Rajan KD, Kalaivani M, Gupta SD, e.a. Glutamine and whey protein improve intestinal permeability and morphology in patients with Crohn’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci. april 2012;57(4):1000–12.
93. Den Hond E, Hiele M, Peeters M, Ghoos Y, Rutgeerts P. Effect of long-term oral glutamine supplements on small intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn’s disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. februari 1999;23(1):7–11.
94. Akobeng AK, Elawad M, Gordon M. Glutamine for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 8 februari 2016;2:CD007348.
95. Akobeng AK, Miller V, Thomas AG, Richmond K. Glutamine supplementation and intestinal permeability in Crohn’s disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. juni 2000;24(3):196.
96. Quan Z-F, Yang C, Li N, Li J-S. Effect of glutamine on change in early postoperative intestinal permeability and its relation to systemic inflammatory response. World J Gastroenterol. 1 juli 2004;10(13):1992–4.
97. Laviano A, Molfino A, Lacaria MT, Canelli A, De Leo S, Preziosa I, e.a. Glutamine supplementation favors weight loss in nondieting obese female patients. A pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. november 2014;68(11):1264–6.
98. Greenfield JR, Farooqi IS, Keogh JM, Henning E, Habib AM, Blackwood A, e.a. Oral glutamine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. januari 2009;89(1):106–13.
99. Samocha-Bonet D, Wong O, Synnott E-L, Piyaratna N, Douglas A, Gribble FM, e.a. Glutamine reduces postprandial glycemia and augments the glucagon-like peptide-1 response in type 2 diabetes patients. J Nutr. juli 2011;141(7):1233–8.
100. Song Q-H, Xu R-M, Zhang Q-H, Shen G-Q, Ma M, Zhao X-P, e.a. Glutamine supplementation and immune function during heavy load training. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. mei 2015;53(5):372–6.
101. Legault Z, Bagnall N, Kimmerly DS. The Influence of Oral L-Glutamine Supplementation on Muscle Strength Recovery and Soreness Following Unilateral Knee Extension Eccentric Exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. oktober 2015;25(5):417–26.
102. Wilkinson SB, Kim PL, Armstrong D, Phillips SM. Addition of glutamine to essential amino acids and carbohydrate does not enhance anabolism in young human males following exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab Physiol Appl Nutr Metab. oktober 2006;31(5):518–29.
103. Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Emanuele E, Pareja-Galeano H, Lucia A. Supplements with purported effects on muscle mass and strength. Eur J Nutr. december 2019;58(8):2983–3008.
104. Antonio J, Sanders MS, Kalman D, Woodgate D, Street C. The effects of high-dose glutamine ingestion on weightlifting performance. J Strength Cond Res. februari 2002;16(1):157–60.
105. Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Burke DG, Davison SK, Smith-Palmer T. Effect of glutamine supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1 december 2001;86(2):142–9.
106. Bassini-Cameron A, Monteiro A, Gomes A, Werneck-de-Castro JPS, Cameron L. Glutamine protects against increases in blood ammonia in football players in an exercise intensity-dependent way. Br J Sports Med. april 2008;42(4):260–6.
107. Sheard NF, Walker WA. The role of breast milk in the development of the gastrointestinal tract. Nutr Rev. januari 1988;46(1):1–8.
108. Burrin DG, Stoll B. Key nutrients and growth factors for the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Clin Perinatol. maart 2002;29(1):65–96.
109. Sevastiadou S, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Costalos C, Skouroliakou M, Briana DD, Antsaklis A, e.a. The impact of oral glutamine supplementation on the intestinal permeability and incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis/septicemia in premature neonates. J Matern-Fetal Neonatal Med Off J Eur Assoc Perinat Med Fed Asia Ocean Perinat Soc Int Soc Perinat Obstet. oktober 2011;24(10):1294–300.
110. Moe-Byrne T, Brown JVE, McGuire W. Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 18 april 2016;4:CD001457.
111. Williams EA, Elia M, Lunn PG. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, glutamine-supplementation trial in growth-faltering Gambian infants. Am J Clin Nutr. augustus 2007;86(2):421–7.
112. Almeida EB, Santos JMB, Paixão V, Amaral JB, Foster R, Sperandio A, e.a. L-Glutamine Supplementation Improves the Benefits of Combined-Exercise Training on Oral Redox Balance and Inflammatory Status in Elderly Individuals. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2852181.
113. Amirato GR, Borges JO, Marques DL, Santos JMB, Santos CAF, Andrade MS, e.a. L-Glutamine Supplementation Enhances Strength and Power of Knee Muscles and Improves Glycemia Control and Plasma Redox Balance in Exercising Elderly Women. Nutrients. 22 maart 2021;13(3):1025.
114. Helling G, Wahlin S, Smedberg M, Pettersson L, Tjäder I, Norberg Å, e.a. Plasma Glutamine Concentrations in Liver Failure. PloS One. 2016;11(3):e0150440.
115. Lemberg A, Alejandra Fernández M. Hepatic encephalopathy, ammonia, glutamate, glutamine and oxidative stress. Ann Hepatol. 1 april 2009;8(2):95–102.
116. Albrecht J, Norenberg MD. Glutamine: a Trojan horse in ammonia neurotoxicity. Hepatol Baltim Md. oktober 2006;44(4):788–94.
117. Williams AN, Woessner KM. Monosodium glutamate ‘allergy’: menace or myth? Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol. mei 2009;39(5):640–6.
118. Jiang H, Liu C. [Protective effect of glutamine on intestinal barrier function in patients receiving chemotherapy]. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi Chin J Gastrointest Surg. januari 2006;9(1):59–61.
119. Garlick PJ. Assessment of the Safety of Glutamine and Other Amino Acids. J Nutr. 1 september 2001;131(9):2556S-2561S.
120. Galera SC, Fechine FV, Teixeira MJ, Coelho ZCB, de Vasconcelos RC, de Vasconcelos PRL. The safety of oral use of L-glutamine in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Nutr Burbank Los Angel Cty Calif. april 2010;26(4):375–81.
121. Ogden HB, Child RB, Fallowfield JL, Delves SK, Westwood CS, Millyard A, e.a. Gastrointestinal Tolerance of Low, Medium and High Dose Acute Oral l-Glutamine Supplementation in Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 27 september 2020;12(10):E2953.
122. Finamore A, Massimi M, Conti Devirgiliis L, Mengheri E. Zinc deficiency induces membrane barrier damage and increases neutrophil transmigration in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr. september 2008;138(9):1664–70.
123. Skrovanek S, DiGuilio K, Bailey R, Huntington W, Urbas R, Mayilvaganan B, e.a. Zinc and gastrointestinal disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 15 november 2014;5(4):496–513.
124. Sturniolo GC, Di Leo V, Ferronato A, D’Odorico A, D’Incà R. Zinc supplementation tightens ‘leaky gut’ in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. mei 2001;7(2):94–8.